英语翻译To address this problem,we substitute (3) into (1) to obtain .Our identifying assumption implies that Pi and Si are uncorrelated with the composite residual,yVi + Ei.Thus (4) can be estimated by instrumental variables,with Pi and Si (and

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英语翻译To address this problem,we substitute (3) into (1) to obtain .Our identifying assumption implies that Pi and Si are uncorrelated with the composite residual,yVi + Ei.Thus (4) can be estimated by instrumental variables,with Pi and Si (and
英语翻译
To address this problem,we substitute (3) into (1) to obtain .
Our identifying assumption implies that Pi and Si are uncorrelated with the composite residual,yVi + Ei.Thus (4) can be estimated by instrumental variables,with Pi and Si (and the constant) as the instruments.
Note that estimation of (4) yields an estimate not only of B,international trade's impact of income,but also of yL,country size's impact on income.Since the two components of this coefficient are not identified separately ,one cannot obtain an estimate of Y,the effect of within-country trade on income.But as long as L is positive that is,as long as larger countries have more within-country trade the sign of Y is the same as the sign of yL.Thus,although we cannot estimate the magnitude of the impact of within-country trade on income,we can obtain evidence about its sign.

英语翻译To address this problem,we substitute (3) into (1) to obtain .Our identifying assumption implies that Pi and Si are uncorrelated with the composite residual,yVi + Ei.Thus (4) can be estimated by instrumental variables,with Pi and Si (and
为了解决这个问题,我们替代（ 3 ）到（ 1 ）获得.
我们确定的假设意味着丕和Si是不相关的综合残余,yVi +工程.因此,（ 4 ）可估计的工具变量,以裨和Si （和不断）作为文书.
请注意,估计（ 4 ）产量的估计数不仅的B ,国际贸易的影响的收入,而且基,国家大小的影响income.Since的两个组成部分这一系数不单独列出,不能取得预期的坐标的影响,在国内贸易的收入.但只要L是积极的,即只要较大的国家有更多的国家贸易的标志Y是相同的标志基.因此,虽然我们无法估计的影响程度在国内贸易的收入,我们可以获取的证据表明,它的迹象.

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为了解决这个问题，我们替代（ 3 ）到（ 1 ）获得.................
我们确定的假设意味着丕和Si是不相关的综合残余， yVi +工程。因此，（ 4 ）可估计的工具变量，以裨和Si （和不断）作为文书。
请注意，估计（ 4 ）产量的估计数不仅的B ，国际贸易的影响的收入，而且基，国家大小的影响income.Since的两个组成部分这一系数不单独列出，不能取得预期的坐标的影响，在国内贸易的收入。但只要L是积极的，即只要较大的国家有更多的国家贸易的标志Y是相同的标志基。因此，虽然我们无法估计的影响程度在国内贸易的收入，我们可以获取的证据表明，它的迹象。

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要论及这个问题，我们替代(3)入(1)获得................. 辨认假定的Our暗示Pi和Si是未关联的与综合残余， yVi + e-i。因而(4)可以由有助可变物估计，与Pi和Si (和常数)作为仪器。估计(4)产生估计不仅的B的Note，收入国际贸易的冲击，而且yL，国家对收入的大小的冲击。因为这个系数二个组分没有分别地被辨认，一个不可能得到Y的估计，在之内国家贸易的作用对收入。但是，只要L是正面的是，只要更大的国家安排更多在之内国家换Y的标志是相同的象yL的标志。因此，虽然我们不可能估计在之内国家贸易的冲击的巨大对收入，我们可以获得关于它的标志的证据。

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